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Sains Malaysiana 55(3)(2026): 425-434

http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2026-5503-06

 

Effects of Palm Kernel Meal Inclusion on Growth Performance, Nutritional Utilization, and Economic Viability in Pangsianodon hypophthalmus Diets

(Kesan Penambahan Makanan Biji Sawit terhadap Prestasi Pertumbuhan, Penggunaan Pemakanan dan Daya Tahan Ekonomi dalam Diet Pangsianodon hypophthalmus)

 

EDIWARMAN¹, NOVITA PANIGORO^1,*, TITIN KURNIASIH¹, ERMIATI², VALERIANA DARWIS³, ENA SUTISNA¹, LISA RULIATY¹, HABSON BATUBARA⁴, WARYAT⁵ & ACHMAD NUR SHULIKIN⁶

 

¹Research Center for Freshwater Aquaculture, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java 16911, Indonesia

²Research Center for Cooperative, Corporation and People’s Economy, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta 12710, Indonesia

³Research Center for Behavioural and Circular Economics, Research Organization for Governance, Economics, and Community Welfare, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta 12710, Indonesia

⁴Research Center of Biota Systems, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java 16911, Indonesia

⁵Research Center for Process Technology, Research Organization for Energy and Manufacture, National Research and Innovation Agency, South Tangerang, Banten 15314, Indonesia

⁶Center of Freshwater Aquaculture Development, Sungai Gelam, Jambi 36373, Indonesia

 

 

Received: 13 May 2025/Accepted: 19 February 2026

 

Abstract

This study evaluated graded inclusion levels of palm kernel meal (PKM) in practical diets for fingerling Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets containing 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% PKM were fed for 84 days to assess growth performance, feed utilization, and economic viability. The results showed that inclusion levels above 20% significantly reduced growth rate, feed efficiency, and protein utilization (P < 0.05), whereas survival remained unaffected. Feed cost decreased progressively with increasing PKM inclusion, resulting in a 14.5% reduction in production cost. However, economic profitability declined beyond the 20% level, indicating a trade-off between feed cost reduction and biological performance of the fish. Overall, practical diets for P. hypophthalmus can incorporate up to 20% PKM without compromising productivity or economic return.

Keywords: Economic viability; feed cost efficiency; growth performance; palm kernel meal; Pangasianodon hypophthalmus

 

Abstrak

Penyelidikan ini menilai tahap penambahan berperingkat bagi makanan biji sawit (PKM) dalam diet praktikal untuk anak ikan Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Lima diet isonitrogenous dan isoenergetik yang mengandungi 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% dan 40% PKM telah diberi makan selama 70 hari untuk menilai prestasi tumbesaran, penggunaan makanan dan kebolehlaksanaan ekonomi. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa tahap penyertaan melebihi 20% secara signifikan mengurangkan kadar pertumbuhan, kecekapan makanan dan penggunaan protein (P < 0.05), manakala kadar kemandirian tetap tidak terjejas. Kos makanan berkurangan secara progresif dengan peningkatan penglibatan PKM, menghasilkan pengurangan kos pengeluaran sebanyak 14.5%. Namun, keuntungan ekonomi menurun melebihi tahap 20%, menunjukkan adanya pertukaran antara pengurangan kos makanan dan prestasi biologi ikan. Secara keseluruhan, diet praktikal untuk P. hypophthalmus boleh mengandungi sehingga 20% PKM tanpa menjejaskan produktiviti atau pulangan ekonomi.

Kata kunci: Kebolehlaksanaan ekonomi; kecekapan kos makanan; kek biji sawit; Pangasianodon hypophthalmus; prestasi pertumbuhan

 

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*Corresponding author: email; novi046@brin.go.id